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Informal group portrait of Ontario Ladies' College students lying in three rows on and under a bed in a dorm room. Martha Rieder (top row at left), Emma Kaufman (middle row, second from right) and Ella Cook (bottom row, centre) appear in the photo.

Informal group portrait of Ontario Ladies' College students lying in three rows on and under a bed in a dorm room. Martha Rieder (top row at left), Emma Kaufman (middle row, second from right) and Ella Cook (bottom row, centre) appear in the photo.

Envelope and two studio photographs of children. One of the photographs shows A. R. Kaufman as a baby and the other shows A. R. and Emma Kaufman as infants and was taken by C. Schneuker.

Photograph of Ella Anthes, Emma Kaufman and Martha Anthes standing outside dressed for cool weather in capes and fancy hats.

Portrait of Martha Anthes and Emma Kaufman looking at the camera, dressed in fancy hats and cool weather jackets.

Upper body portrait of Martha Anthes and Emma Kaufman. Martha is looking off to the side and Emma at the camera.

Upper body portrait of Martha Anthes and Emma Kaufman, seen looking off camera.

Upper body portrait of Martha Anthes and Emma Kaufman, seen looking off camera.

Upper body portrait of Martha Anthes and Emma Kaufman looking at the camera dressed in fancy hats and cool weather jackets.

A photograph of the Augustine and Kaufman families taken on December 25, 1941 in front of 22 Margaret Ave. Kitchener, Ontario.

Back row, left to right: Albert William Augustine, Mary Eleanor Kaufman (Merritt), Edmond Kaufman, Bernard Sandwell, Robert Kaufman, Carl Kaufman, Alvin Ratz Kaufman, Milton Ratz Kaufman.

Middle Row, left to right: Mary Caroline Augustine, Edna Louise Augustine, Helen Mary Sandwell, Jean Kaufman (wife of A.R. Kaufman), Jean Kaufman (Koetsier), Emma Ratz Kaufman, Edith Kaufman (wife of M.R. Kaufman), John Ross Augustine.

Front row, left to right, seated: Mrs. Hutton, Mary Kaufman.

Snapshots of various members of the Augustine, Ham and Kaufman families. Many of the photographs have inscriptions on the verso identifying the names of family members in the photographs including: Mary Eidt Kaufman, Emma Ratz Kaufman, Edna Louise Augustine, Albert William Augustine, Mary Ham, Albert Jacob Augustine and, John Ross Augustine.

Image of (left to right) Martha Rieder, Elspeth Breithaupt, Emma Ratz Kaufman, Edna Louise Augustine, Mary Ham, unidentified adult, Ruth Mary Hagmeier. The group is seen smiling at the camera, standing on a beach and dressed for warm, sunny weather.

Image of (left to right) Elspeth Breithaupt, unidentified adult, Mary Ham, Emma Ratz Kaufman, Martha Rieder, and Edna Louise Augustine. The group is seen smiling at the camera, dressed for warm, sunny weather.

Birthday, Christmas, Easter and Valentine greetings, and one postcard. Includes a letter from "Santa Claus," a Dionne Quintuplet postcard, and two hand drawn and coloured pieces relating to China and Japan. One is by Emma Kaufman of a child looking into a goldfish bowl and the other, of rabbits and chicks, is initialled H.T.

Letters received by Edna Louise Augustine and Emma Ratz Kaufman.

File consists of 29 letters, telegrams, and postcards received by Martha Rieder from family members and friends, including 15 letters and telegrams from Talmon Henry Rieder, and one letter from Emma Kaufman in Tokyo, Japan. Also present are: a postcard with two panels containing a photomechanical colour print of a panorama of Berlin viewed from the water tower (entitled "Bird's eye view of Berlin, Ont., Canada"), a letter from Talmon Henry to his children Margaret and Edward, and several empty envelopes.

Some letters include envelopes; one envelope and three postcards contain stamps.

File consists of sixty-six pieces of correspondence from friends and family. This number includes many letters of condolence on the death of Albert's brother Ezra Carl, who was killed in the gasworks explosion. Among them is a letter from W.L. Mackenzie King written February 2, 1897 from the University of Chicago. Also present is an undated poem about the Berlin High School sent to Albert by Emma Kaufman and Martha Anthes, written probably at the New Year 1897/1898. Also includes ephemera and clippings both inserted and sent separately.

Snapshots, one taken in Toronto, Ontario and the rest in Japan, of Emma Kaufman's friends, associates and events.

Photographs of the Kaufman family with the preeminence of A. R. Kaufman, his childhood, youth, and early marriage years. Includes photographs of A. R. Kaufman and members of his family in different attitudes and locations, including studio portraits, family photographs, and A. R.'s participation in different clubs and societies.
Photographs are identified or identifiable as:

• Image of children visiting the police department (ca. late 1800s),
• Two studio photographs of A. R. Kaufman in his youth (ca. early 1900s),
• Studio photograph of an unidentified bride (possibly Jean Kaufman) (ca. 1910s),
• Studio photograph of Jacob's and Mary Eidt Ratz Kaufman's family, including their four children (September 1912),
• Photograph of possibly Mary Eidt Ratz Kaufman, taken by Panabaker Home Portraits (early 1900s),
• Photograph of A. R. and Jean Kaufman with two of their children and one of the grandmothers (early 1900s),
• Reproduction of the wedding picture from Edna Louise Kaufman and Albert William Augustine (1918),
• Reproduction of photograph of the King Edward School class of 1933, taken by Denton Studio (1933),
• Two photographs of young women identified as Geneva and Mary Hayward, but who are possibly Helen Mary and Sally Jean Kaufman (early 1900s),
• Photograph of Jean Kaufman with Mrs. Taye Shidachi Kiachi, Mrs. Jsuji (?), Miss Cruikshank, and Mac Livett (?) (May 1930),
• Studio photograph of the Kaufman family showing Mary Eidt Ratz Kaufman, Emma Kaufman, A. R. Kaufman and his family, and Milton Kaufman and his family (first half of 20th Century),
• Studio photograph of an unidentified woman (possibly Jean Kaufman) (first half of 20th Century),
• Studio photograph of an unidentified woman (possibly Edna Louise Augustine) (first half of 20th Century),
• Studio photograph of A. R. Kaufman, taken by Ashley & Crippen Photographs (first half of 20th Century),
• Coloured drawing of "Beechome," A. R. Kaufman's summer cottage built on the banks of the Grand River (ca. 1916),
• Photograph of Beechome (Christmas 1950).

A snapshot featuring members of the Augustine, Ham, Kaufman families standing on a dock at John C. Breithaupt's cottage in Georgian Bay, Ontario.

Back row, left to right: Ruth Mary Hagmeier, Mrs. T.H. Reiger, Elspeth (Mrs. J.E.) Breithaupt, Emma R. Kaufman, Edna (Mrs. A.W.) Augustine, Albert Jacob Augustine.

Front row, left to right: Mary Ham, John Ross Augustine.

Photograph of a group of 28 children with one adult by a body of water. Children are arranged in four rows either seating down, kneeling, or standing. Adult is in standing in the back row. According to annotations, one of the children standing is A. R. Kaufman. Also in photo are Ella Cook (second from left), Emma Kaufman and Martha Rieder (fourth and fifth from left).

Informal group portrait of Ontario Ladies' College students posed for the camera around a ladder in a dorm room. Several of the group are positioned so that their heads are poking through the spaces between the ladder rungs. Emma Kaufman is at left, second row from front, and Martha Rieder is at the opposite end of the same row. Ella Cook is possible the student at right in the front row.

Photograph of a group of Ontario Ladies' College students posed in short rows a difference heights so that they are in the shape of a loose pyramid. The group is seen in a dorm room, some looking away from the camera in profile and some holding flags (Royal Union and American). Martha Rieder is seen lying on her side at the front of the group, holding hands with an unidentified friend. Emma Kaufman is partially visible looking off camera in between two rows of people.

Informal group portrait of Ontario Ladies' College students posed for the camera around a ladder in a dorm room. Several of the group are positioned so that their heads are poking through the spaces between the ladder rungs. Emma Kaufman is at left, second row from front, and Martha Rieder is at the opposite end of the same row. Ella Cook is possible the student at right in the front row.

Informal group portrait of Ontario Ladies' College students, some making funny faces, seated and standing around a dinning table. Martha Rieder is standing at right, front, with eyes closed, Ella Cook is seated at left with eyes wide and Emma Kaufman is standing at the back of the room, third from left, looking toward the camera.

Photograph of Emma Ratz Kaufman conversing with an unidentified Japanese woman on a sidewalk as three others, standing at either side of the pair, stand looking toward the camera.

Image of (left to right) Emma Ratz Kaufman, Mary Eidt Kaufman, Edna Louise Augustine and Jean Kaufman standing together outdoors, possibly on the grounds of a church.

An assortment of family histories and biographies, family trees, obituaries, correspondence, and articles as well as copies of photographs and press clippings that were likely compiled by Mary Ham to document the Kaufman family history and the relationships between people in several generations of the Kaufman family. The file also includes one portrait of Emma Ratz Kaufman likely taken in the late 1960s.

Photographs recording a trip to Japan taken by Jacob and Mary Kaufman and their daughter Edna Louise Augustine, accompanying their other daughter Emma Ratz Kaufman who was returning to Japan to work with the Young Women

Photograph taken during a Kaufman family trip to Egypt in 1929 showing (left to right) Emma Kaufman, Louisa Breithaupt, Mary Kaufman, Edna Augustine on camels with a pyramid and the Great Sphinx of Giza in the background, and local adult and child tour guides at front.

Studio portrait of Alvin Ratz (back row, far right) and Emma Ratz (seated, far right) with three unidentified friends or family members.

Photographs of Emma Kaufman and her sister Edna in rickshaws operated by local drivers.

Photograph of Emma Kaufman outside in front of a tree and flowerbed. Kaufman is seen looking at camera, dressed in a matching button up jacket and skirt.

Photograph of Emma Kaufman standing on a stone path outside. Kaufman is seen looking at camera, dressed for cooler weather and wearing a fur stole around shoulders.

Photograph of Emma Kaufman seated in an arm chair and smiling at something off camera.

A portrait of Emma Kaufman standing in front of a tree. File also includes a paper with information identifying the person in the photograph.

Studio portrait of Emma Kaufman as a young adult, seen looking at camera with slight smile.

Ephemera, including reports, promotional material and leaflets about the International Christian University in Japan. File also includes a photo copy of The Japan Times article "YWCA, Pioneer in Training Leaders, Looks to New Nat'l, Int'l Challenges" which mentions Emma Kaufman's 30 year involvement with the Tokyo YWCA [Young Women's Christian Association].

Photograph of Emma Kaufman looking at camera while seated in a wooden deck chair with open book in lap. Possibly taken at cottage owned by Kaufman in Japan.

Six pieces of personal correspondence from Emma Kaufman to her mother Mary Kaufman, brother A.R. Kaufman and sister Edna (holograph, typescript, and carbons), one of which discusses the situation in Shanghai, China and another the situation in Formosa.

Also includes six reports relating to activities of the Tokyo Young Women's Christian Association (Y.W.C.A.), three by Emma Kaufman, two by Margaret Hockin and one unsigned. Also contains a typed transcript with title, "The psychology of Christian personality" by Ernest M. Ligon.

One item of personal correspondence from Emma Kaufman to her mother Mary Kaufman dated January 1, 1937. Also includes four reports relating to the activities of the Tokyo Young Women's Christian Association (Y.W.C.A.). One report was written by Lena M. Ferrar and is dated to February 12, 1937. One report was written by Kato San's on the trip to Belgium, Holland, and France between May 18 and June 2, 1937. Two reports were written by Emma Kaufman; dated May 6, 1937 and September 19, 1937. The report by Emma Kaufman dated Sept. 19, 1937 discusses mobilization in Japan.

One piece of personal correspondence from Emma Kaufman to her sister Edna. Also includes one report relating to activities of the Tokyo Young Women's Christian Association (Y.W.C.A.) by Emma Kaufman and a report by Margaret Hockin on the ceremonies relating to the 25th anniversary of Emma Kaufman's arrival in Japan. Additionally contains a leaflet memorializing Hedwig Dora Hobrecker, a pamphlet on the Airindan Settlement in Nippori, Arakawa Ku, Tokyo, Japan and an annual report of the Tokyo Y.W.C.A. for 1938.

Three pieces of personal correspondence from Emma Kaufman to her sister Edna and others. Also includes three reports relating to activities of the Tokyo Young Women's Christian Association (Y.W.C.A.), one by Emma Kaufman, one unattributed with typescript notes on a lecture, and one providing details of a ceremony honouring Emma Kaufman held June 24, 1939. Also contains the annual report of the Tokyo Y.W.C.A. for 1939, a report included in the "World's Y.W.C.A. Monthly Oct. 1939," and clippings. The letter dated May 6, 1939 is headed "Confidential" and describes conditions in Shanghai and Nanking (Nanjing) in China as witnessed by and reported to Emma Kaufman.

One piece of personal correspondence from Emma Kaufman to her sister Edna (holograph). Also includes one report relating to activities of the Young Women's Christian Association (Y.W.C.A.) in Japan. Additionally contains a clipping with a photograph of Emma Kaufman aboard the "Nitta Maru" of the N.Y.K. line, crossing the Pacific ocean.

Four pieces of personal correspondence one written to Emma Kaufman, and three written by Emma Kaufman. These three letters are written to friends in Japan and are dated Dec. 4, 5 and 7 respectively, and describe her efforts to gather material to send back with a Japanese friend on the Dec. 14th sailing of a ship from Los Angeles to Japan.

Biographical material relating to Emma Kaufman, including clippings and a biographical synopsis (typescript, carbon) by Edna Augustine.

Press clippings relating to honours and awards presented to Emma Kaufman. Also contains an account of Emma Kaufman's role at the 60th Anniversary of the Tokyo Young Women's Christian Association (Y.W.C.A.).

Correspondence and other items dated to 1966. Includes two letters to Emma Kaufman from Elizabeth Long of the National Council of Women of Canada, and one reply, concerning the Lady Aberdeen Library.

Material relating to a "pre-birthday party" held for Emma Kaufman at Covenant College in Toronto, Ontario. Contains an invitation, guest-book sheets, regrets list, snapshots, photographs, and party ephemera.

Letters solicited for a presentation at a "pre-birthday party" held on May 18, 1966 at Covenant College in Toronto, Ontario. Contains 18 letters and notes written between April 27, 1966 and May 9 ,1966 to Emma Kaufman.

Letters solicited for presentation at a"pre-birthday party" held on May 18, 1966 at Covenant College in Toronto, Ontario. Contains 57 letters, telegrams and notes written between May 10, 1966 and May 18, 1966 to Emma Kaufman. One letter has a photograph pasted-on of a party held in Emma Kaufman's home in Tokyo, Japan on March 19, 1937.

Thirty-one letters written to Emma Kaufman on the occasion of her 85th birthday. One letter contains two photographs.

Birthday cards sent to Emma Kaufman on the occasion of her 85th birthday.

Birthday cards sent to Emma Kaufman on the occasion of her 85th birthday.

An article written by J.E.H. titled, "Women of the years: Emma R. Kaufman." The Journal (Feb. 1963): 28-31.

A funeral directors statement of death (March 2, 1979) and certificate of cremation (March 5, 1979) for Emma Ratz Kaufman.

One press clipping accompanied by manuscript notes by Mary Ham concerning a telephone call from Emma Kaufman in Japan on her mother's 81st birthday in 1937.

Correspondence solicited for a biography of Emma R. Kaufman. Includes reminiscences of her and of her work with the Young Women's Christian Association (Y.W.C.A.) in Japan written by friends and family. Some records are original, some are transcriptions.

A typed document outlining the personal history of Emma R. Kaufman dated to January 1957. Also includes other typed articles and biographies related to the life of Emma R. Kaufman.

Additionally contains published items related to Emma R. Kaufman including:

• Emma R. Kaufman ... : a tribute to her life and work. Published: Toronto, Ont. : YWCA of Canada. [19--]

• Emma R. Kaufman and the Tokyo YWCA by Taka Kato. Published: Tokyo, Japan : Tokyo YWCA. 1963.

• The journal. Toronto : Young Women's Christian Association of Canada. February 1963.

• A book written in Japanese with the following inscription on the flyleaf : June 5th, 1982 / In memory of the visit of / the YWCA tour / members from / Osaka, Japan / and in appreciation for / your gracious hospitality. / Akiko Omikawa

One piece from the Missionary Monthly, 1931; a 2 page biography of Caroline MacDonald, Emma Kaufman's mentor and friend in Japan.

A photocopy of a biographical outline of the life of Emma Kaufman.

Letter addressed to Mrs. J.M. Ham from M.C. Paisley, containing an manuscript outline of the life of Emma Kaufman.

Typescript written by Ruth Russell titled, "Emma Kaufman (1881-1979) with corrections.

Press clipping regarding Emma Kaufman's 85th birthday.

Annual Christmas letters sent to friends by Emma Kaufman, which consist of duplicated typescripts.

One letter from Gertrud Kuecklich in Japan to Emma Kaufman (mimeograph), and one typescript letter and carbon in reply from Emma Kaufman.

A photograph of Emma Kaufman's dining room in her home in Sadowara-cho, Japan.

A packet of "Emergency Issue Earth Quake Stamps" from the Young Women's Christian Association (Y.W.C.A.) Japan, dated September 1923 to April 1924. Also includes a Christmas card from Emma Kaufman. The photo on the card is of Emma Ratz Kaufman's summer cottage at Drag Lake, Haliburton, Ontario.

A guest book that belonged to Emma Kaufman containing signatures for two occasions, the 50th and 60th anniversaries of the Young Women's Christian Association (Y.W.C.A.) in Japan, October 1955 and November 1965.

A Japanese fan-folded guest book used at Emma Kaufman's cottage at Drag Lake, Haliburton, Ontario. It contains snapshots of her former home in Japan at Karuizawa.

A guest book from Emma Kaufman's home at 84 Rosehill Ave, Toronto, Ontario from 1962 to 1970. The book itself contains intricate stencils, some backed with fabric, which are pasted to each page.

A guest book from Emma Kaufman's home at 84 Rosehill Ave, Toronto, Ontario from 1949 to 1962. The book itself is produced by the Women's Bible School Presbyterian Mission, Self-Help deptartment and contains "Temple Hill cut-outs," and intricate stencils which are pasted to each page.

Snapshots taken during a party held for Emma Kaufman in Japan.

Photograph album containing snapshots taken at Emma Kaufman's cottage in Haliburton, Ontario between 1942-1968. Inserted in the album is a hand-made "newsletter" by Patty Augustine concerning activities at the cottage in the summer of 1965. Identifications appear throughout and include:

• Charlotte Adams
• Mateo Ando
• Mrs. Aspinwall
• Albert William Augustine
• Barbie Augustine
• Edna Augustine
• Keith Augustine
• Patty-Anne Augustine
• Gerhard A. Baum
• Elinor Black
• Mr. and Mrs. Cary
• Connie Chappell
• Stella Cheng
• David Chu
• Grace Chu
• Samuel Chu
• Dorothy Cleveland
• Bruce Coates
• Donald Coates
• Donna Coates
• Ella Cook
• Milton Cook
• Mrs. Hans de Does
• Dr. and Mrs. Duncan
• Mary Dingman
• Evelyn Fox
• Ella Grott
• Mr. and Mrs. Kau
• Reiko Kawano
• Taye Shidachi Kiachi
• P. Haga
• Michiko Hasegawa
• Phyllis Haslam
• Yoshio Hikida
• Eleanor Hinder
• Jean Hutchinson
• Hide Hyodo
• Arthur Jorgensen
• Lona Jorgensen
• Julia Matouskova
• Aiko Murakami
• Michael Murakami
• Ian Paisley
• Mae Paisley
• Marnie Paisley
• Pennie Paisley
• Kay Phelps
• Mary Phelps
• Sidney Phelps
• Ward Phelps
• Florence Rawlinson
• Anna Rice
• Eric Roeder
• Lucille Roeder
• Sanda Roeder
• Winnifred Ross
• Gertrude Rutherford
• Luella Ruterhford
• Sumi Sasaki
• Chizuko Shimano
• Tsune Shirai
• Ryrie Smith
• Sachi Takimoto
• W. Thomas
• Yuriko Toriumi
• Ernest Trueman
• Louise Trueman
• Ruth F. Woodsmall
• Hiro Yamanaka
• Margaret Yamanaka
• Masako Yamanaka
• Mr. and Mrs. Young

Seven postcards featuring various facilities and properties of the Tokyo Young Women's Christian Association (Y.W.C.A.).

Seven snapshots featuring Emma Kaufman and other individuals.

Four snapshots of Emma Kaufman from the 1940's taken in Japan, Geneva and Toronto.

Two snapshots of Emma Kaufman standing outside of her Rosehill Ave. home in Toronto taken in the 1950's.

Six snapshots of Emma Kaufman and other individuals that were likely taken in the 1960's.

Photograph postcard of Emma Kaufman and Julia Matouskova smiling while standing together on a tree-lined sidewalk in Geneva.

File consists of three studio portraits and a snapshot of Emma Kaufman, and one studio portrait of Emma and Alvin R. and with three unidentified people. Some portraits are mounted.

Postcard photograph of Emma Kaufman (right) and Miss Kawai in Japanese dress outdoors at Elgin House during the Young Women's Christian Association (Y.W.C.A.) conference in June 1916.

Photograph of Emma Kaufman and Lucie Edkins posed for the camera side by side and dressed in what are likely costumes. Emma is holding an open fan upright in hands and Lucie appears to have something in hair to make it look lighter. A Federal Life calendar is visible hanging on the wall at right.

Photograph of Emma Kaufman and Lucie Edkins posed for the camera side by side and dressed in what are likely costumes. Emma is holding an open fan upright in hands and Lucie appears to have something in hair to make it look lighter. A Federal Life calendar is visible hanging on the wall at right.

Photograph of Emma Kaufman (at right) smiling and shaking hands with Margaret Heilig, Executive Direction of the Hamilton Young Women's Christian Association next to fusuma painted with a water-themed Japanese landscape donated by Kaufman.

A photograph of Emma Kaufman holding her niece Mary Ham outside.

Photograph of Emma Kaufman and Taka Kato seated in front of a Christmas tree during staff celebrations of Emma Kaufman's twenty five years in Japan. A large bonsai tree and a framed portrait of Mary Kaufman are visible in frame.

Photograph of Emma Kaufman and [Taka Kato] seated at a large fireplace, waiting for an iron kettle to boil, at the Young Women's Christian Association (Y.W.C.A.) Recreation House.

Photograph of Tsune Shirai and Emma R. Kaufman standing on a sidewalk along Rosehill Avenue in Toronto and smiling at the camera. Trees and residential homes are visible in background.

Photograph of Emma Kaufman standing at front door of building, holding open storm door and looking at camera from top of steps.

Photograph of Emma Kaufman standing on a dock at the edge of a lake surrounded by trees.

Three typescript letters regarding the papers of Caroline MacDonald, the work of Emma Ratz Kaufman in Japan, and the possible donation of Kaufman's papers to the Lady Aberdeen Library at the University of Waterloo.

The first letter, from Kaufman to Long, makes reference to Kaufman's work with the YWCA in Japan including Canada House, Toki Hamano and the move of Caroline MacDonald's papers from New York to the Victoria College Archives at the University of Toronto.

The second and third letters are both from Long and written on the same day, consisting of a response to Kaufman and a letter to Doris Lewis about her correspondence with Kaufman. In the letter to Kaufman, Long praises Kaufman's work in Japan, expresses belief that MacDonald's papers will be better used in Canada than in the United States, and pitches the University of Waterloo as a home for Kaufman's paper. Of note is Long's rationale for the donation of all of Kaufman's papers so that future generations can "get the "feel" of the human being with whom they are establishing a contact - across the intervening years" and postscript inclusion of an anecdote about the unfortunate destruction of the papers of Cairine Wilson by her family, following her death. In Long's letter to Lewis, presumably written after her letter to Kaufman, Long provides context about her pitch to Kaufman, including references to the establishment of Canada House and her local ties to Waterloo. The letter ends with a brief mention about being sad about her "dear friends Floring and Wyle" and their [health and estate].

Head and shoulders portrait of Emma Ratz Kaufman. In the photograph, Emma is wearing a brooch from the Young Women’s Christian Association in Japan in recognition of 30 years of service.

Photograph of Emma Ratz Kaufman standing on the sandy shore of a body of water in Haliburton.

Head and shoulders studio portrait of Emma Ratz Kaufman seen looking off camera.

Full body studio portrait of Emma Ratz Kaufman seen looking off camera with a rose in hands.

Head and body studio portrait of Emma Kaufman seen looking off camera in a white dress and standing with hands at front.

Full body portrait of Emma Ratz Kaufman standing with a bouquet of flowers and seen in partial profile looking off camera.

A head and shoulders portrait of Emma Ratz Kaufman.

A portrait of Emma Ratz Kaufman.